Науковий часопис УДУ імені Михайла Драгоманова 58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31392/NPU-nc.series9.2024.28.05 UDС: 811.111’373.46’276.6:34 Volodymyr O. Pavlov Senior Lecturer, Department of General Theoretical Legal and Social and Humanitarian Disciplines, Kyiv University of Law of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-9015 e-mail: pavlovvova333@gmail.com IINNTTEERRNNAATTIIOONNAALLIISSMMSS IINN EENNGGLLIISSHH LLEEGGAALL VVOOCCAABBUULLAARRYY:: CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS IINN RREENNDDEERRIINNGG IINNTTOO UUKKRRAAIINNIIAANN Bibliographic Description: Pavlov, V. (2024). Internationalisms in English Legal Vocabulary: Challenges in Rendering into Ukrainian. Scientific Journal of Mykhailo Dragomanov State University of Ukraine. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, 28, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.31392/NPU-nc.series9.2024.28.05 Abstract The paper focuses on the importance of introducing first-year students to the most commonly used international words and their derivatives in the first year of study. This would help to mitigate some translation difficulties from English into Ukrainian, which would enhance students’ understanding of professionally-oriented information. The paper highlights that internationalisms, comprising 10-30% of English legal vocabulary depending on the legal branch, play a crucial role in interethnic communication and simplifying legal language. The paper also provides specific examples of interpretation and translation of internationalisms, which are known as “false friends of the translator”. It underscores the necessity for translators to possess not only a solid knowledge of the language system but also an understanding of the specifics of the use of certain lexemes in legal documents. Language, as the primary means of communication, both nationally and internationally, is associated with the development of certain communication schemes that could facilitate mutual understanding as a basis for cooperation. Multifaceted global legal cooperation leads to the introduction and widespread use of international words in the English language, simplifying the use and understanding of complex legal language across various spheres of activity. However, while familiarity with these terms can benefit novice translators, the existence of “false friends” among international words can easily lead to confusion. Keywords: internationalisms, difficulties of translation, legal language, “false friends of the translator”. 1. Introduction. One of the main processes of our time is globalization. According to the researchers I. Asmukovich and L. Dainenko, globalization is “a process of rapprochement and growth of interrelations between nations and states of the world, accompanied by the development of common political, economic, cultural and value standards” (Asmukovich, 2016, pp. 112– 117; Dainenko & Taranukha, 2002). ВИПУСК 28’2024 Серія 9. Сучасні тенденції розвитку мов 59 The English scientist J. Urry states that “we can now think about world citizenship, which will entail global risk, global rights and global responsibilities. In short, globalization has become a permanent feature of our social, economic and cultural space”. In turn, law, being an integral part of this space, provides for communication between representatives of legal professions in various spheres of life (Komunikatyvna stratehiia yak konstytutyvna kharakterystyka dyskursu, 2013 URL: https://cutt.ly/GeJz4KGQ). Language is one of the means of creating and applying new standards of globalization. Always being the main means of communication, both at the national and interethnic levels, language is associated with the development of certain communication schemes that could achieve maximum mutual understanding as a basis for cooperation. English, being one of the languages of international communication, is no exception. English legal language in this process occupies a special, very significant place. It should be noted that versatile international cooperation in the legal sphere leads to the introduction and widespread use of international words in the English language, which make it easier to use and understand complex legal language in various fields of activity (Mikhailenko, 2004, p. 38). However, it should not be forgotten that, on the one hand, recognition in the text and understanding as a result of this word, which has a familiar form, can serve a novice translator well, but, on the other hand, the existence of so-called “false friends of the translator” among international words can lead him to serious confusion. In this regard, it is to pay some attention to the importance of learning how to use international words during translation at the initial stages of learning legal English. 2. Literature Review. An analysis of scientific research on translating international words (internationalisms) in the English legal lexicon reveals a number of key aspects of interest to scholars. First of all, it is worth noting that many researchers define internationalisms as lexical units that are common in several languages, while maintaining similarity in form and meaning. In their work, I. Asmukovich and L. Dainenko emphasize that globalization contributes to the development of common political, economic, cultural and value standards, and it is through the use of internationalisms that mutual understanding between peoples is achieved. However, in their opinion, one should be careful with false friends of the translator, which can be misleading due to similarity of forms but significant differences in meanings (Asmukovich, 2011; Dainenko & Taranukha, 2002). In her research, V. Mykhailenko emphasizes the importance of context when translating international words, since even words with the same appearance can have different shades of meaning depending on the field of application. For example, in legal English, the word “action” means “lawsuit,” which differs from the general meaning of “action” that it acquires in other contexts. Mykhaylenko also emphasizes that preserving all semantic shades when transferring a word from one language to another is an important stage of translation activity, and he proposes an algorithm for avoiding mistakes related to false analogies between languages (Mykhaylenko, 2004). Analysing the formation of internationalisms, I. Asmukovich notes that many terms in the English legal language have Latin or Greek origins. For example, Latin suffixes, such as -ate (mediate, compensate) or -ant (reluctant, patient), have become the basis for the formation of numerous international legal terms. These borrowings have become part of the legal vocabulary, which is explained by the historical development of the English language and close ties with other cultures, in particular through Roman law and French influence on Науковий часопис УДУ імені Михайла Драгоманова 60 the English legal system in the Middle Ages. At the same time, according to the author, it is thanks to such historical processes that the English legal language has been able to accumulate a large number of international terms, which allows us to speak of the universality of legal concepts in the globalized world (Asmukovich, 2011). One of the important aspects of working with international terms is the need to take into account the specifics of legal systems of different countries. As L. Dаinenko and L. Taranukha note, the legal system of English-speaking countries differs significantly from the continental legal system, and this is important when translating legal texts. Therefore, translators must not only have language skills, but also have a good understanding of the legal specifics of each country for which they translate (Dainenko & Taranukha, 2002). The analysis of the literature also shows the importance of developing teaching methods that would facilitate the effective acquisition of internationalisms by law students. Since a significant part of legal terms are international words, it is important for students to learn to correctly recognize their meaning in a particular context and avoid common mistakes that may arise due to the similarity of terms in different languages. According to O. Ivashishyn, it is important to develop a system of exercises that will allow students to better navigate legal texts, as well as learn not only to translate but also to understand legal concepts on a deeper level (Ivashishyn, 2004). Thus, the literature review shows that the problems of translating international words in legal vocabulary are important and multifaceted. They require not only in-depth linguistic analysis but also knowledge of legal sciences to avoid mistakes caused by an imperfect understanding of the terms or the context of their use. 3. Aim and Objectives. The aim of the paper is to identify and describe the difficulties of translating internationalisms in English legal vocabulary. To achieve the aim of the research, the following tasks must be accomplished: – analyse available research on the topic; – to highlight the main branches of legal science in which internationalisms are present; – characterize lexemes of legal subjects that can cause difficulties in interpretation (the so-called “false friends” of the translator). 4. Methodology. The research is based on the works of domestic and foreign scientists, and the following research methods were used: descriptive method, which includes observation, interpretation and classification of language material used in the presentation of the process and results of research, the method of definitive analysis, semantic analysis, comparative analysis, as well as methods of generalization and typologization. 5. Results and Discussion. It should be recognized that the share of internationalisms in the English legal language is very significant. Depending on the branch of law, it can range from 10 to 30%. The largest number of internationalisms is occupied by international law and related sub- sectors, with the need for interaction between representatives of different countries in the settlement of international disputes. The communicative value of internationalisms cannot be overestimated. However, internationalisms in other branches of law are also very numerous. Considering the history of the emergence of internationalisms in the modern legal language, it should be recognized that most internationalisms were originally borrowed from ВИПУСК 28’2024 Серія 9. Сучасні тенденції розвитку мов 61 different languages. This is due to the capture of the English islands by the Romans, Scandinavian tribes, the troops of the French King William the Conqueror, and later the change in the role of England on the world stage, turning it into a world power with the further development of cooperation with various states in political, economic and cultural fields at different stages of historical development (Smushchinska, 2010). The need for interethnic communication arose in ancient times, and the realization quickly came that the creation of a unified Dictionary of words understandable for communication would lead to a better understanding and, consequently, interaction of native speakers of different languages. Thus, the concept of internationalisms emerged. Continuing the historical excursion, it should be noted that since ancient Rome and Greece were legislators of philosophical, journalistic and legal thought, many legal terms in English, including international ones, were formed in different ways from Latin and Greek words, for example, “-ali (lat.) -alibi, ben (Lat.) -benefi ciary, capital (Lat) -capital, domin (Lat) -domain, fin (Lat) -finish, fi nance, grad (Lat) -gradation , liber (Lat) -liberal, manu (Lat) -manufacture, voc (Lat) -advocacy, leg (Greek) -legal” and others. Then, as a result of the use of various affixes, many derivatives of international legal terms were formed, for example: “suffix -ate: mediate, confiscate, certificate, compensate; suffix -ute: execute; suffix -ant or -ent: reluctant, patient, equivalent, competent, president; suffix -tence: competence”. Many Latin and French affixes, such as “anti-, re-, pro-, counter-, -ism-, -age-, able-, -ous” and others, joining various lexical units, also contributed to the formation of international words in the legal vocabulary, for example: “arrested, automatism, counter- offer, antiterrorism, reverse, disputable, spontaneous, antidote and others”. Many international words that are direct borrowings from French are also used. This is due to the fact that for several centuries there has been a dominant position of the French language in relation to English in terms of social, political and legal vocabulary. So, the words “action, accusation, agreement, attention, abuse, direct, prestige, procedure, solution” and more appeared. In legal practice, there are a number of Latin words and phrases that have not been influenced by other languages and are used by lawyers in their original form. Such lexical units widely used by lawyers include, for example: “versus (v., vs), ultra vires, sic, quorum, pro rata, pro forma, per se, per annum, iter alia, et cetera, exempli gratia, actus reus, mens rea, curriculum, data and others” (Dainenko & Taranukha, 2002). A relatively small number of internationalisms in the English legal vocabulary is characterized by borrowing from German and Spanish: “Nazi (Germ), staff (Germ), drug- traffic (Ital), bankrupt (Ital), manifesto (Ital), cargo (Span), embaro (Span), penalty (Span)”. The development of cooperation between states in various fields has also led to significant interaction of law enforcement agencies in joint activities for the international search and capture of criminals, which has also created a significant layer of international terminology of criminal law: - arrest – арешт; - criminal code – кримінальний кодекс; - verdict – вердикт, вирок, рішення суду; - intoxication – інтоксикація; - sexual inversion – статеві збочення, гомосексуалізм; - suicide – суїцид, покінчити життя самогубством; - verbal provocation – провокаційний вислів; - presumption of mens rea – презумпція невинності; - voluntary act – добровільна дія and others. Науковий часопис УДУ імені Михайла Драгоманова 62 There are also a lot of international words in contract law, which is very important in the work of a lawyer working in the field of civil law. Such words as “offer – оферта, acceptance – акцепта, price list – прайс-лист, formation of contract – створення контракту, client – клієнт, franchising – франчайзинг, benefi ciary – бенефіціарій, confi dentiality – конфіденційність, Force Majeure – форс-мажорні обставини, liquidation – ліквідація and others”, have long and firmly entered the dictionary of a lawyer who works with contracts (Ivashchishin, 2004, p. 171). Labour law also provides for the use of many international words, such as “discrimination – дискримінація, qualification – кваліфікація, person – особа, персона, identifification – ідентифікація, trade union – тред-юніон (профспілка), compensation – компенсація, arbitration – арбітраж, picketing – пікетування and many others”. In the activity of a lawyer related to working with real estate, there are also a sufficient number of international words: “freehold – фрігольд, leasehold – лізгольд, exclusive possession – ексклюзивне володіння, license – ліцензія, usufruct – узуфрукт and others”. Intellectual property law is even more replete with international words: “copyright protection – захист авторських прав, invention – винахід, patent – патент, design – дизайн, monopoly right – монопольне право, novel – роман, exploitation – експлуатація, використання, film – фільм, cable program – кабельні програми, copy – копія and others”. From the above observations, we can come to a disappointing conclusion that recognizing and understanding international words or their components in a legal context can significantly facilitate the student's work during translation (Novitskaya, 2018, pp. 21–26, URL: https://cutt.ly/ueJswzUi). However, it is necessary to understand the danger that may be hidden in the translation of the so-called “false friends of the translator”, when, being under the impression of the familiar graphic form of the word, the student allows a literal translation, while the words may not fully correspond and generally do not correspond to each other. For example, the word “obligation” cannot be translated in any way as “облігація”, and the word “action” in combination with “to take an action” will be translated in legal English not as “дія”, but as “позов”. This erroneous use of analogy, which arose as a result of mixing the graphic appearance of words, comes from ignorance of the peculiarities of international vocabulary. Often the Ukrainian word coincides with one or two of its meanings in general English, but does not coincide with its meaning in legal English. This group of international legal vocabulary includes relatively many words, the translation of which is significantly difficult (Mikhailenko, 2004, p. 39). Here are a number of examples of differences in the meanings of international and Ukrainian words when translating legal texts: - activities – “діяльність”, but not “активність”; - communal – “громадський”, but not “комунальний”; - individual – “приватна особа”, but not “індивідуал”; - code – “кодекс”, but not “код”; - invalid – “недійсний”, but not “інвалід”; - appendix – “додаток”, but not “апендикс”; - act – often “закон”, not just “акт”; - list – “перелік, список”, but not “листок”; - subject – often “предмет”, but not just “суб'єкт”; - terms – often “терміни, умови”. One of the researchers of this topic V. Mikhailenko writes about the reasons for the erroneous transfer of words that are similar in form and sound from one language to another: ВИПУСК 28’2024 Серія 9. Сучасні тенденції розвитку мов 63 “many believe that when such a word is transferred from one language to another, it retains all its qualities, that these qualities are contained in the word itself, and do not arise in the ratio of this word with the entire system of this language. This refers to such qualities as the popularity or bookishness of the word, emotionality or terminology, positivity or negativity of the meaning, and so on – to the most subtle shades in endless variations and their ratios” (ibid, 2004, p. 42). The results obtained in the course of the study support the hypothesis that internationalisms play a significant role in the English legal language and create both opportunities and difficulties for translators. It is revealed that international law contains a significant number of internationalisms, which is associated with the need for a universal legal language for regulating international relations. This observation echoes the findings of other researchers, who also emphasized the important role of internationalism in international law (Yavornitskaya, 2019; Prieto Ramos, 2020; Rybina, 2022 et al.). The study allowed us to better understand the role of internationalisms in the English legal language and revealed a number of specific features of their use. The data obtained not only confirm, but also complement the existing scientific understanding of this problem. The initial hypothesis that internationalisms play a significant role in the English legal language was fully supported by the results of the study. Analysis of the corpus of texts has shown that the share of internationalisms in legal literature and documentation significantly exceeds their share in the common English language. A particularly high concentration of internationalism is observed in the field of international law, which is associated with the need to ensure an international understanding of legal concepts. In addition, the study revealed a number of interesting new facts. In particular, it was found that not only Latin and Greek, but also Romance languages (in particular, French) made a significant contribution to the formation of the vocabulary of English law. This indicates a complex and multifaceted history of the development of legal terminology. We also paid special attention to the problem of “false friends” of translator, which is an important aspect for teaching legal English. Thus, the results obtained can be explained within the framework of several theoretical concepts. First, the widespread use of internationalism in the legal language is associated with the desire for accuracy and unambiguity of legal texts. Internationalisms often have well-defined meanings and are used to refer to universal legal concepts. Secondly, the historical development of legal terminology has also influenced the spread of internationalism. The borrowing of legal terms from other languages was due to political, economic, and cultural contacts between the two countries. It should be noted that the conducted research has certain methodological limitations. In particular, the analysis was carried out on a limited body of texts, which may affect the generalization of results. The results of the study are of great practical importance for teaching legal English. The identified difficulties associated with the use of internationalisms can be taken into account in the development of training programs and materials. In particular, more attention should be paid to explaining the meaning of internationalism in context, as well as developing skills in analysing legal texts. The results obtained open up new prospects for further research. For example, it would be interesting to conduct a more detailed analysis of the use of internationalism in various national versions of legal English. A promising area of research is the analysis of the dynamics of changes in legal terminology under the influence of globalization. Науковий часопис УДУ імені Михайла Драгоманова 64 6. Conclusions. The examples of the use of international words given in the paper, which are far from exhaustive, highlight a significant presence of internationalisms in the legal vocabulary under study. This finding highlights that while internationalisms can simplify understanding in certain contexts, they also introduce challenges, especially in terms of accurate and unambiguous interpretation. All lexemes are taken from textbooks used in the first, second and third years of the University. These challenges are particularly evident for first-year students, who often lack foundational knowledge of law and legal terminology, particularly in English. The study also found that there are a significant number of “false friends of the translator”, which makes it difficult for non-native speakers to understand legal texts. This result adds to the results of previous studies that analysed semantic pitfalls in legal terminology. The obtained data suggest that for successful development of legal English, it is necessary to go beyond merely knowing the meaning of internationalisms. A comprehensive understanding of their context is also required. This highlights the importance of an integrated approach to teaching legal vocabulary, which includes both lexical work and the development of text analysis skills. Moreover, addressing the challenges associated with translating internationalisms requires a focused approach that acknowledges both linguistic and cultural barriers. A key issue lies in the nuanced understanding of “false friends”, which can lead to misunderstandings if not navigated carefully. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to develop teaching methods that emphasize the contextual nature of internationalisms, helping translators and language learners distinguish between similar- sounding but contextually different terms. Raising awareness of “false friends” can also minimize translation errors. Beyond the challenges discussed, the broader implications of legal translation are crucial for both education and practice. Addressing these issues in legal translation programs can better prepare students for complex terminologies and contexts. In professional practice, improving translation accuracy can enhance communication across legal systems and reduce misinterpretation risks. Future research could explore how these methodologies can inform legal education and practice, especially in multilingual environments. 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Науковий часопис Українського державного університету імені Михайла Драгоманова. Серія 9. Сучасні тенденції розвитку мов, 28, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.31392/NPU-nc.series9.2024.28.05. Науковий часопис УДУ імені Михайла Драгоманова 66 Анотація У статті обґрунтовано доцільність ознайомлення студентів з найуживанішими інтернаціональними словами та їхніми похідними вже на першому курсі навчання. Це допоможе зняти деякі труднощі перекладу з англійської мови українською, що значною мірою сприятиме покращенню та прискоренню розуміння професійно орієнтованої інформації. У статті також наведено конкретні приклади усного та письмового перекладу інтернаціоналізмів, які є так званими “хибними друзями перекладача”, українською мовою. Важливо усвідомлювати, що якісний переклад вимагає від філологів не лише знання системи мови, а й специфіки вживання тих чи інших лексем у юридичних документах. Як основний засіб комунікації, як на національному, так і на міжнародному рівні, мова завжди пов’язана з виробленням певних комунікативних схем, які могли б досягти максимального взаєморозуміння як основи для співпраці. Багатогранне міжнародне співробітництво в правовій сфері призводить до впровадження та широкого використання в англійській мові інтернаціональних слів, які дають можливість спростити використання та розуміння складної юридичної мови в різних сферах діяльності. Однак не слід забувати, що, з одного боку, впізнавання в тексті й розуміння в результаті цього слова, яке має знайому форму, може значно допомогти перекладачеві-початківцю, але, з іншого боку, існування серед інтернаціональних слів так званих “хибних друзів перекладача” може серйозно ввести його в оману. Ключові слова: інтернаціоналізми, труднощі перекладу, юридична мова, “хибні друзі перекладача”.